Resumen
La infección por Plasmodium durante el embarazo es un fenómeno complejo que plantea desafíos significativos en el ámbito clínico y de investigación. Actualmente es vital comprender a fondo las características clínicas y hallazgos en el laboratorio a fin de potenciar las medidas de prevención. El objetivo de la investigación fue describir las dimensiones clínicas y diagnósticas de la infección por Plasmodium durante el embarazo. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal mediante un diseño documental. Para la revisión bibliográfica, se obtuvo información de las bases de datos: MEDLINE, ScienceDirect y LILACS, tomando en consideración los términos MESH: "Plasmodium"; "Pregnant woman"; "Malaria" Plasmodium diagnosis, cuando se dispuso de las bases en inglés, además del uso de los operadores Booleanos mediante los cuales se precisó la búsqueda, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos 6 años bajo criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se registraron 14 artículos en la síntesis cualitativa que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de indagar a través de pruebas diagnosticas complementarias complicaciones descritas que podrían poner en riesgo la vida de la madre y el feto, así mismo conocer los aspectos que influyen en el diagnostico y que dependen de las características de la población, zona geográfica y sintomatología, además de conocer las pruebas diagnósticas idóneas según cada caso siendo la RT-PCR la prueba de confirmación idónea para el diagnóstico y la vigilancia de la malaria por su sensibilidad, detectando infecciones de baja densidad e infecciones mixtas que no son detectadas por las pruebas rápidas y la microscopía . Es importante la constante actualización del personal sanitario y fomentar las investigaciones en el área, así como la concientización de la población, por lo cual se necesitan grandes esfuerzos en el ámbito de la prevención de la malaria durante el embarazo.
Citas
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3. Vásquez AM, Tobón A. Mecanismos de patogenia en la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum. Biomédica 2012;32(Supl.):106-20
4. .Varo R, Chaccour C, Bassat Q. Update on malaria. Med Clin (Barc). 2020;155(9):395-402. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.010. 4. Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ. Malaria. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1608-1621. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(18)30324-6.
5. Moxon CA, Gibbins MP, McGuinness D, Milner DA Jr, Marti M. New Insights into malaria pathogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2020;15:315-343. DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640.
6. Araya Calvo P, Polanco Méndez D. Malaria: revisión bibliográfica. CS. 2020;4(4):162-175. Disponible en: https://revistacienciaysalud.ac.cr/ojs/index.php/cienciaysalud/article/view/193
7. 27. Cabezón I, Górgolas M. Actualización de las complicaciones pulmonares de la malaria. Medicina Clínica. 2016;146(8):354-358
8. 28. Campuzano Zuluaga G, Blair Trujillo S. Malaria: consideraciones sobre su diagnóstico. Medicina y laboratorio. 2010;16(7-8):311-354.
9. Oladosu O, Adeniyi A. A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with malaria diseases in pregnant women attending a state hospital Iwo Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Scientific African 20 (2023) e01668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01668
10. 18. Kassiea G, Azezed G, Gebrekidana A, Lombebob A, Adellaa G, Haile K, et al. Asymptomatic malaria infection and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiology and Control. 2024;24:e00339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00339
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12. Oladosu OO, Adeniyi AV. A Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors Associated with Malaria Diseases in Pregnant Women Attending a State Hospital Iwo Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Scientific African. 2023:e01668
13. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Informe mundial sobre la malaria 2023. 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023
14. Golassa L, Baliraine FN, Enweji N, Erko B, Swedberg G, Aseffa A. Microscopic and molecular evidence of the presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in an area with low, seasonal and unstable malaria transmission in Ethiopia. BMC. Infectious Diseases. 2015;15(1):1-10.
15. Prah DA, Laryea-Akrong E. Asymptomatic Low-Density Plasmodium falciparum Infections: Parasites Under the Host's Immune Radar? J Infect Dis. 2024;13:jiad581. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiad581.
16. Anchang-Kimbi JK, Kalaji LN, Mbacham HF, Wepnje GB, Apinjoh TO, Ngole Sumbele IU, et al. Coverage and effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) on adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Mount Cameroon area, South West Cameroon. Malaria Journal. 2020; 19(1):1-12
17. Oladosu OO, Adeniyi AV. A Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors Associated with Malaria Diseases in Pregnant Women Attending a State Hospital Iwo Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Scientific African. 2023:e01668
18. Lingani M, Zango SH, Valéa I, Samadoulougou S, Sanou MA, Sorgho H, et al. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among pregnant women in a high malaria transmission setting: a cross-sectional study in rural Burkina Faso. Pan Afr Med J. 2024;3;47:2. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.2.40612
19. Pons-Duran C, Mombo-Ngoma G, Macete E, Desai M, Kakolwa MA, Zoleko-Manego R, et al. Burden of malaria in pregnancy among adolescent girls compared to adult women in 5 sub-Saharan African countries: A secondary individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 clinical trials. PLoS Med. 2022;19(9):e1004084. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004084
20. Osarfo J, Ampofo GD, Tagbor H. Trends of malaria infection in pregnancy in Ghana over the past two decades: a review. Malar J. 2022 Jan 4;21(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12936-021-04031-3
21. Tamir Z, Animut A, Dugassa S, Belachew M, Abera A, Tsegaye A, Erko B. Plasmodium infections and associated risk factors among parturients in Jawi district, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2023 Dec 1;22(1):367. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04803-z
22. Cardona-Arias JA, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Carmona-Fonseca J. Social determination of malaria in pregnancy in Colombia: a critical ethnographic study. Malar J. 2023;22(1):299. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04734-9.
23. Álvarez-Larrotta Catalina, Carmona-Fonseca Jaime. Consecuencias de la infección malárica gestacional en la función inmune y en la inmunomodulación de la madre y el neonato. Rev. chil. infectol. [Internet]. 2019 Jun; 36( 3 ): 341-352. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182019000300341&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182019000300341.
24. Cardona-Arias JA, Salas-Zapata WA, CarmonaFonseca J. Perfil de investigaciones en malaria asociada al embarazo: revisión sistemática 1925-2018. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública [Internet]. 2020;38(3):e338621. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/fnsp/article/ view/338621/20802575 9.
25. McKinney KL, Wu HM, Tan KR, Gutman JR. Malaria in the pregnant traveler. J Travel Med. 2020;27(4):taaa074. DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa074.
26. Le Port A, Watier L, Cottrell G, Ouédraogo S, Dechavanne C, Pierrat C, et al. Infections in infants during the first 12 months of life: role of placental malaria and environmental factors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027516
27. Doolan DL, Dobaño C, Baird JK. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:13–36. 10.1128/CMR.00025-08
28. Harrington WE, Duffy PE. Congenital malaria: rare but potentially fatal. Ped Health. 2008 Apr;2(2):235–48. doi: 10.2217/17455111.2.2.235
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2025 Nicole Anahí Montes Romero , Zulbey Rivero
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